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1 Good Distribution Practice
сокр. GDP эк. надлежащая практика распространения* (термин относится к стандарту качества медицинских препаратов, базирующемуся на соблюдении определенных условий хранения и транспортировки)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Good Distribution Practice
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2 good distribution practice
Фармакология: надлежащая дистрибьюторская практикаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > good distribution practice
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3 GDP (Good Distribution Practice)
Фармакология: надлежащая практика дистрибуции лекарственных средствУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > GDP (Good Distribution Practice)
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4 Good laboratory practice
сокр. GLP упр. надлежащая лабораторная практика (набор правил для проведения лабораторных исследований, которые гарантируют нормальный уровень качества результатов)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Good laboratory practice
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5 Good Manufacturing Practice
сокр. GMP эк. надлежащая производственная практика (термин относится к стандарту качества медицинских препаратов, базирующемуся на соблюдении определенных условий производства и соответствии определенному уровню качества; соответствие этим стандартам оценивается при выдаче сертификатов фармацевтической продукции)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Good Manufacturing Practice
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6 GDP
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abbrev.: GDP gross domestic product валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП): совокупная стоимость товаров и услуг, созданных внутри страны за определенный период; ВВП включает потребительские и правительственные закупки, частные внутренние инвестиции, нетто-экспорт товаров и услуг; цифры ВВП публикуются ежеквартально Департаментом торговли; рост экономики обычно определяется изменениями реального ВВП (с поправкой на инфляцию); см. gross national product.* * ** * *Финансы/Кредит/Валюта----- -
7 GDP
1) Общая лексика: ВНП2) Американизм: Gross Domestic Purchases3) Военный термин: General Defense Position, Go Down Path, Gross Defense Product, Ground Defense Position, general defense plan, general defense positions, general development plan, graphic display processor4) Техника: gas diffusion plant, general design program5) Бухгалтерия: валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП, gross domestic product)6) Фармакология: (Good Distribution Practice) надлежащая практика дистрибуции лекарственных средств7) Грубое выражение: Gosh Darn Prices8) Сокращение: General Defence Plan, Gorillas Don't Polka9) Вычислительная техника: обработка геометрических данных10) Банковское дело: валовой внутренний продукт (gross domestic product)11) Реклама: Совокупный внутренний продукт12) Бурение: (general drilling program) Основная Конструкция Строительства Скважины13) Инвестиции: gross domestic product14) Сетевые технологии: Gateway Discovery Protocol15) Контроль качества: general decision problem16) Сахалин Р: Gas Disposition Plant, Gas Disposition Project17) Океанография: Government Development Platform18) Сахалин А: Gas-Distributing point19) Химическое оружие: gaseous diffusion plant, glovebox differential pressure20) Макаров: guanosine diphosphate21) Расширение файла: Graphic Draw Primitive22) NYSE. Goodrich Petroleum Corporation -
8 gdp
1) Общая лексика: ВНП2) Американизм: Gross Domestic Purchases3) Военный термин: General Defense Position, Go Down Path, Gross Defense Product, Ground Defense Position, general defense plan, general defense positions, general development plan, graphic display processor4) Техника: gas diffusion plant, general design program5) Бухгалтерия: валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП, gross domestic product)6) Фармакология: (Good Distribution Practice) надлежащая практика дистрибуции лекарственных средств7) Грубое выражение: Gosh Darn Prices8) Сокращение: General Defence Plan, Gorillas Don't Polka9) Вычислительная техника: обработка геометрических данных10) Банковское дело: валовой внутренний продукт (gross domestic product)11) Реклама: Совокупный внутренний продукт12) Бурение: (general drilling program) Основная Конструкция Строительства Скважины13) Инвестиции: gross domestic product14) Сетевые технологии: Gateway Discovery Protocol15) Контроль качества: general decision problem16) Сахалин Р: Gas Disposition Plant, Gas Disposition Project17) Океанография: Government Development Platform18) Сахалин А: Gas-Distributing point19) Химическое оружие: gaseous diffusion plant, glovebox differential pressure20) Макаров: guanosine diphosphate21) Расширение файла: Graphic Draw Primitive22) NYSE. Goodrich Petroleum Corporation -
9 надлежащая практика дистрибуции лекарственных средств
Pharmacology: GDP (Good Distribution Practice)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > надлежащая практика дистрибуции лекарственных средств
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10 GDP
2) эк. сокр. от Good Distribution PracticeThe new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > GDP
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11 GP
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Glyco Protein, семейный врач (сокр. General Practitioner)2) Компьютерная техника: General Protection, Graphic Panel3) Авиация: глиссада4) Медицина: врач общей практики, семейный врач (General Practitioner), терапия (general practice), гуттаперча, gram-positive, терапевт5) Американизм: General Public, Good Politics6) Спорт: Game Percentages, Game Player, Games Played, Girl Pilots, Good Practice, Grand Prix, Grand Prize, Guest Pass7) Военный термин: gas, persistent, general provisions, general-purpose, general-purpose bomb, geographic point, geographical position, geostationary platform, government property, gross payload, ground pods, guard post, guidance package, gun pointer, gun position8) Техника: gang printer, gating pulse, general procedure, general-purpose processor, generic project, geometric processor, geometric programming, giant pulse, glide path transmitter, goal programming, graphic plotter, grid pulse, ground plate, ground protective relay, group processor, guided probe, power gain9) Шутливое выражение: Girl Power, Glow Person, Gross People10) Химия: Gas Phase, Glucose Precursor11) Математика: геометрическая прогрессия (geometric progression), целевое программирование (goal programming)12) Юридический термин: Gross Profiteering13) Бухгалтерия: Guide Price, gross profit, валовая прибыль (gross profit)14) Биржевой термин: General Partnership15) Грубое выражение: Girl Parts16) Металлургия: zone17) Политика: Guadeloupe18) Сокращение: French Guadeloupe, Gallup Poll, General Practitioner, Great Powers, Guided Projectile, General Purpose (RR engines, origin of Jeep), ground-protective (relay)19) Университет: Grade Points, Greek Power20) Физиология: Gas Permeable contact lens21) Вычислительная техника: Generative Programming, game port, gang punch, generalized programming, General Purpose (RR engines and origin of Jeep, Railroading, Automobile), игровой порт, обобщённое программирование, общая защита, универсальный22) Нефть: gas pay, gasoline plant, gradient pore of formation, газобензиновая установка (gasoline plant), газоносный коллектор (gas pay), давление по манометру (gage pressure), манометрическое давление, газобензиновый завод (gasoline plant)23) Картография: guide post24) Фирменный знак: Government Furnished Property25) СМИ: Gamers Press, Great Performances26) Деловая лексика: Group Purchase27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Gas & Power, gauge port, global practice, gun perforator, Gas28) Образование: Good P29) Полимеры: German Patent, gaseous propellant, gauge pressure30) Контроль качества: generalized Poisson (distribution)31) Пластмассы: General Purpose32) Химическое оружие: General Physics, Incorporated33) Расширение файла: Gas Plasma, Geode parameter file (Geoworks), Gofer project (Haskell language dialect)35) Фантастика Galaxy Police36) Имена и фамилии: Gordon Peterson37) Должность: Grand Pa, Grazed Pontiffs, Guinea Pig38) Правительство: Glacier Point39) NYSE. Georgia Pacific Corporation -
12 Gp
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Glyco Protein, семейный врач (сокр. General Practitioner)2) Компьютерная техника: General Protection, Graphic Panel3) Авиация: глиссада4) Медицина: врач общей практики, семейный врач (General Practitioner), терапия (general practice), гуттаперча, gram-positive, терапевт5) Американизм: General Public, Good Politics6) Спорт: Game Percentages, Game Player, Games Played, Girl Pilots, Good Practice, Grand Prix, Grand Prize, Guest Pass7) Военный термин: gas, persistent, general provisions, general-purpose, general-purpose bomb, geographic point, geographical position, geostationary platform, government property, gross payload, ground pods, guard post, guidance package, gun pointer, gun position8) Техника: gang printer, gating pulse, general procedure, general-purpose processor, generic project, geometric processor, geometric programming, giant pulse, glide path transmitter, goal programming, graphic plotter, grid pulse, ground plate, ground protective relay, group processor, guided probe, power gain9) Шутливое выражение: Girl Power, Glow Person, Gross People10) Химия: Gas Phase, Glucose Precursor11) Математика: геометрическая прогрессия (geometric progression), целевое программирование (goal programming)12) Юридический термин: Gross Profiteering13) Бухгалтерия: Guide Price, gross profit, валовая прибыль (gross profit)14) Биржевой термин: General Partnership15) Грубое выражение: Girl Parts16) Металлургия: zone17) Политика: Guadeloupe18) Сокращение: French Guadeloupe, Gallup Poll, General Practitioner, Great Powers, Guided Projectile, General Purpose (RR engines, origin of Jeep), ground-protective (relay)19) Университет: Grade Points, Greek Power20) Физиология: Gas Permeable contact lens21) Вычислительная техника: Generative Programming, game port, gang punch, generalized programming, General Purpose (RR engines and origin of Jeep, Railroading, Automobile), игровой порт, обобщённое программирование, общая защита, универсальный22) Нефть: gas pay, gasoline plant, gradient pore of formation, газобензиновая установка (gasoline plant), газоносный коллектор (gas pay), давление по манометру (gage pressure), манометрическое давление, газобензиновый завод (gasoline plant)23) Картография: guide post24) Фирменный знак: Government Furnished Property25) СМИ: Gamers Press, Great Performances26) Деловая лексика: Group Purchase27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Gas & Power, gauge port, global practice, gun perforator, Gas28) Образование: Good P29) Полимеры: German Patent, gaseous propellant, gauge pressure30) Контроль качества: generalized Poisson (distribution)31) Пластмассы: General Purpose32) Химическое оружие: General Physics, Incorporated33) Расширение файла: Gas Plasma, Geode parameter file (Geoworks), Gofer project (Haskell language dialect)35) Фантастика Galaxy Police36) Имена и фамилии: Gordon Peterson37) Должность: Grand Pa, Grazed Pontiffs, Guinea Pig38) Правительство: Glacier Point39) NYSE. Georgia Pacific Corporation -
13 gp
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Glyco Protein, семейный врач (сокр. General Practitioner)2) Компьютерная техника: General Protection, Graphic Panel3) Авиация: глиссада4) Медицина: врач общей практики, семейный врач (General Practitioner), терапия (general practice), гуттаперча, gram-positive, терапевт5) Американизм: General Public, Good Politics6) Спорт: Game Percentages, Game Player, Games Played, Girl Pilots, Good Practice, Grand Prix, Grand Prize, Guest Pass7) Военный термин: gas, persistent, general provisions, general-purpose, general-purpose bomb, geographic point, geographical position, geostationary platform, government property, gross payload, ground pods, guard post, guidance package, gun pointer, gun position8) Техника: gang printer, gating pulse, general procedure, general-purpose processor, generic project, geometric processor, geometric programming, giant pulse, glide path transmitter, goal programming, graphic plotter, grid pulse, ground plate, ground protective relay, group processor, guided probe, power gain9) Шутливое выражение: Girl Power, Glow Person, Gross People10) Химия: Gas Phase, Glucose Precursor11) Математика: геометрическая прогрессия (geometric progression), целевое программирование (goal programming)12) Юридический термин: Gross Profiteering13) Бухгалтерия: Guide Price, gross profit, валовая прибыль (gross profit)14) Биржевой термин: General Partnership15) Грубое выражение: Girl Parts16) Металлургия: zone17) Политика: Guadeloupe18) Сокращение: French Guadeloupe, Gallup Poll, General Practitioner, Great Powers, Guided Projectile, General Purpose (RR engines, origin of Jeep), ground-protective (relay)19) Университет: Grade Points, Greek Power20) Физиология: Gas Permeable contact lens21) Вычислительная техника: Generative Programming, game port, gang punch, generalized programming, General Purpose (RR engines and origin of Jeep, Railroading, Automobile), игровой порт, обобщённое программирование, общая защита, универсальный22) Нефть: gas pay, gasoline plant, gradient pore of formation, газобензиновая установка (gasoline plant), газоносный коллектор (gas pay), давление по манометру (gage pressure), манометрическое давление, газобензиновый завод (gasoline plant)23) Картография: guide post24) Фирменный знак: Government Furnished Property25) СМИ: Gamers Press, Great Performances26) Деловая лексика: Group Purchase27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Gas & Power, gauge port, global practice, gun perforator, Gas28) Образование: Good P29) Полимеры: German Patent, gaseous propellant, gauge pressure30) Контроль качества: generalized Poisson (distribution)31) Пластмассы: General Purpose32) Химическое оружие: General Physics, Incorporated33) Расширение файла: Gas Plasma, Geode parameter file (Geoworks), Gofer project (Haskell language dialect)35) Фантастика Galaxy Police36) Имена и фамилии: Gordon Peterson37) Должность: Grand Pa, Grazed Pontiffs, Guinea Pig38) Правительство: Glacier Point39) NYSE. Georgia Pacific Corporation -
14 right
1) право ( суб'єктивне); праводомагання; справедлива вимога; привілей; права сторона2) правильний; належний; правомірний, справедливий; правий ( у політичному сенсі); реакційний3) відновлювати ( справедливість); виправляти(ся)4) направо•right a wrong done to the person — виправляти шкоду, заподіяну особі
right not to answer any questions that might produce evidence against an accused — право не давати відповідей (не відповідати) на будь-які запитання, що можуть бути використані як свідчення проти обвинуваченого
right not to fulfill one's own obligations — право не виконувати свої зобов'язання ( у зв'язку з невиконанням своїх зобов'язань іншою стороною)
right of a state to request the recall of a foreign envoy as persona non grata — право держави вимагати відкликання іноземного представника як персони нон грата
right of citizens to use their native language in court — право громадян виступати в суді рідною мовою
right of every state to dispose of its wealth and its national resources — право кожної держави розпоряджатися своїми багатствами і природними ресурсами
right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work — право кожної людини на отримання можливості заробляти собі на прожиття власною працею
right of legislative initiative — право законодавчої ініціативи, право законодавства
right of nations to free and independent development — право народів на вільний і незалежний розвиток
right of nations to self-determination up to and including separation as a state — право націй на самовизначення аж до державного відокремлення
right of nations to sovereignty over their natural resources — право націй на суверенітет над своїми природними ресурсами
right of parents to choose their children's education — право батьків на вибір виду освіти для своїх неповнолітніх дітей
right of reception and mission of diplomatic envoys — право приймати і призначати дипломатичних представників
right of representation and performance — право на публічне виконання (п'єси, музичного твору)
right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defence — = right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defense право обвинуваченого мати достатньо часу, можливостей і допомоги для свого захисту
right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defense — = right of the accused to have adequate time, facilities and assistance for his defence
right of the child to live before birth from the moment of conception — право дитини на життя до її народження з моменту зачаття
right of unhindered communication with the authorities of the appointing state — право безперешкодних зносин із властями своєї держави
right to a counsel from the time that an accused is taken into custody — право на адвоката з часу арешту (зняття під варту) обвинуваченого
right to arrange meetings, processions and picketing — право на мітинги, демонстрації і пікетування
right to be confronted with witness — право очної ставки із свідком захисту, право конфронтації ( право обвинуваченого на очну ставку із свідком захисту)
right to be represented by counsel — право бути представленим адвокатом, право на представництво через адвоката
right to choose among a variety of products in a marketplace free from control by one or a few sellers — право вибирати продукцію на ринку, вільному від контролю одного чи кількох продавців
right to choose between speech and silence — право самому визначати, чи говорити, чи мовчати
right to compensation for the loss of earnings resulting from an injury at work — право на відшкодування за втрату заробітку ( або працездатності) внаслідок каліцтва на роботі, право отримати компенсацію за втрату джерела прибутку внаслідок виробничої травми
right to conduct confidential communications — право здійснювати конфіденційне спілкування, право конфіденційного спілкування ( адвоката з клієнтом тощо)
right to diplomatic relations with other countries — право на дипломатичні відносини з іншими країнами
right to do with one's body as one pleases — право робити з своїм тілом все, що завгодно
right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress — право на користування досягненнями наукового прогресу
right to freedom from torture and other inhuman forms of treatment — право на свободу від тортур і інших форм негуманного поводження
right to gather and publish information or opinions without governmental control or fear of punishment — право збирати і публікувати інформацію або думки без втручання держави і страху бути покараним
right to lease or sell the airspace above the property — право здавати в оренду або продавати повітряний простір над своєю власністю
right to leave any country, including one's own, and to return to one's country — право залишати будь-яку країну, включаючи свою власну, і повертатися до своєї країни
right to material security in (case of) disability — право на матеріальне забезпечення у випадку втрати працездатності
right to material security in (case of) sickness — право на матеріальне забезпечення у випадку захворювання
right to possession, enjoyment and disposal — право на володіння, користування і розпорядження
right to safety from product-related hazards — право на безпеку від шкоди, яку може бути заподіяно товаром
right to terminate pregnancy through an abortion — право припиняти вагітність шляхом здійснення аборту
right to the protection of moral and material interests — право на захист моральних і матеріальних інтересів
right to use one's own language — право на свою власну мову; право спілкуватися своєю власною мовою
right to visit one's children regularly — право відвідувати регулярно дітей ( про одного з розлученого подружжя)
right of a person to control the distribution of information about himself — = right of a person to control the distribution of information about herself право особи контролювати поширення інформації про себе
right of a person to control the distribution of information about herself — = right of a person to control the distribution of information about himself
right of states to self-defence — = right of states to self-defense право держав на самооборону
right of states to self-defense — = right of states to self-defence
right of the accused to counsel — = right of the accused to legal advice право обвинуваченого на адвоката (захисника) ( або на захист)
right of the accused to legal advice — = right of the accused to counsel
right to collective self-defence — = right to collective self-defense право на колективну самооборону
right to collective self-defense — = right to collective self-defence
right to collective self-defence — = right to collective self-defense право на колективну самооборону
right to collective self-defense — = right to collective self-defence
right to consult with one's attorney — = right to consult with one's lawyer право отримувати юридичну допомогу від (свого) адвоката, право на консультацію з адвокатом
right to consult with one's lawyer — = right to consult with one's attorney
right to control the work of the administration — = right to control the work of the managerial staff право контролю (діяльності) адміністрації ( підприємства)
right to control the work of the managerial staff — = right to control the work of the administration
right to individual self-defence — = right to individual self-defense право на індивідуальну самооборону
right to individual self-defense — = right to individual self-defence
right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defence — = right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defense право отримувати документи, необхідні для належного захисту
right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defense — = right to obtain documents essential for an adequate defence
right to regulate news agencies — = right to regulate news organizations право регулювати діяльність інформаційних агентств
- right a wrong doneright to regulate news organizations — = right to regulate news agencies
- right at law
- Right-Centrist
- right extremism
- right extremist
- right-hand man
- right-holder
- right in action
- right in gross
- right in personam
- right in rem
- right not to belong to a union
- right of a trial by jury
- right of abode
- right of access
- right of access to courts
- right of access to court
- right of action
- right of angary
- right of appeal
- right of approach
- right of appropriation
- right of assembly
- right of asylum
- right of audience
- right of authorship
- right of birth
- right of blood
- right of chapel
- right of choice
- right of common
- right of concurrent user
- right of conscience
- right of contribution
- right of correction
- right of court
- right of denunciation
- right of detention
- right of dissent
- right of divorce
- right of eminent domain
- right of enjoyment
- right of entry
- right of equal protection
- right of establishment
- right of existence
- right of expatriation
- right of expectancy
- right of feud
- right of first refusal
- right of fishery
- right of free access
- right of hot pursuit
- right of individual petition
- right of innocent passage
- right of intercourse
- right of intervention
- right of joint use
- right of jurisdiction
- right of legal entity
- right of legation
- right of light
- right of membership
- right of military service
- right of mortgage
- right of navigation
- right of operative management
- right of ownership
- right of passage
- right of patent
- right of personal security
- right of petition
- right of place
- right of political asylum
- right of possession
- right of pre-emption
- right of primogeniture
- right of prior use
- right of priority
- right of privacy
- right of private property
- right of property
- right of protest
- right of publicity
- right of pursuit
- right of re-election
- right of recourse
- right of recovery
- right of redemption
- right of regress
- right of relief
- right of remuneration
- right of reply
- right of representation
- right of reprisal
- right of reproduction
- right of rescission
- right of retaliation
- right of retention
- right of sanctuary
- right of search
- right of secrecy
- right of self-determination
- right of self-preservation
- right of settlement
- right of silence
- right of suit
- right of taking game
- right of the individual
- right of the owner
- right of the people
- right of the state
- right of transit
- right of translation
- right of visit
- right of visit and search
- right of water
- right of way
- right of withdrawal
- right on name
- right oneself
- right the oppressed
- right to a building
- right to a counsel
- right to a dual citizenship
- right to a fair trial
- right to a flag
- right to a hearing
- right to a nationality
- right to a piece of land
- right to a reasonable bail
- right to a speedy trial
- right to a trial by jury
- right to act independently
- right to administer property
- right to adopt children
- right to aid of counsel
- right to air
- right to an abortion
- right to an effective remedy
- right to annul laws
- right to appeal
- right to appoint judges
- right to assemble peaceably
- right to assistance of counsel
- right to attend
- right to bail
- right to bargain collectively
- right to be confronted
- right to be heard
- right to be presumed innocent
- right to be represented
- right to bear arms
- right to bear fire-arms
- right to become president
- right to begin
- right to belong to a union
- right to burn national flag
- right to carry a firearm
- right to carry arms
- right to carry fire-arms
- right to challenge a candidate
- right to challenge a juror
- right to change allegiance
- right to choose
- right to choose one's religion
- right to coin money
- right to collective bargaining
- right to compensation
- right to consult an attorney
- right to counsel
- right to criticism
- right to cultural autonomy
- right to damages
- right to declare war
- right to designate one's hairs
- right to die
- right to divorce
- right to earn a living
- right to education
- right to elect and be elected
- right to emigrate
- right to end pregnancy
- right to enjoy one's benefits
- right to enter a country
- right to exact payment
- right to expel a trespasser
- right to express ones' views
- right to expropriate
- right to fish
- right to fly a maritime flag
- right to found a family
- right to frame a constitution
- right to free education
- right to free medical services
- right to freedom
- right to freedom from torture
- right to freedom of expression
- right to freedom of residence
- right to freedom of speech
- right to health
- right to hold a public office
- right to hold property
- right to housing
- right to human dignity
- right to immediate release
- right to impose taxes
- right to impose taxes
- right to independence
- right to inherit
- right to initiate legislation
- right to inspection
- right to interpret laws
- right to intervene
- right to introduce legislation
- right to join an association
- right to jury trial
- right to keep and bear arms
- right to keep arms
- right to possess firearms
- right to kill
- right to land
- right to lease
- right to legal equality
- right to legal representation
- right to legislate
- right to levy taxes
- right to liberty
- right to life
- right to make a decision
- right to make a will
- right to make treaties
- right to manage
- right to maternity leave
- right to medical care
- right to national autonomy
- right to neutrality
- right to nullify laws
- right to one's own culture
- right to oppose
- right to organize unions
- right to ownership of property
- right to personal security
- right to picket
- right to possess firearms
- right to practice law
- right to present witnesses
- right to privacy
- right to private property
- right to property
- right to protection
- right to public trial
- right to publish expression
- right to punish a child
- right to real estate
- right to recall
- right to recover
- right to redeem
- right to redress
- right to regulate trade
- right to remain silent
- right to remarry
- right to rest
- right to rest and leisure
- right to retain counsel
- right to return to work
- right to safety
- right to secede
- right to secede from the USSR
- right to secession
- right to security
- right to security of person
- right to seek elective office
- right to seek pardon
- right to seek refund
- right to self-determination
- right to self-expression
- right to self-government
- right to sell
- right to silence
- right to social insurance
- right to social security
- right to speak
- right to stop a prosecution
- right to strike
- right to sublet
- right to subpoena witness
- right to sue
- right to take water
- right to tariff reduction
- right to tax exemption
- right to terminate a contract
- right to terminate pregnancy
- right to the name
- right to the office
- right to the patent
- right to the voice
- right to think freely
- right to transfer property
- right to travel
- right to treasure trove
- right to trial by jury
- right to use
- right to use firearms
- right to use force
- right to use water
- right to veto
- right to will property
- right to work
- right of defence
- right of defense
- right to collect revenues
- right to collect taxes
- right to exist
- right to existence
- right to issue decrees
- right to issue edicts
- right to labor
- right to labour
- right to self-defence
- right to self-defense
- right to set penalties
- right to set punishment -
15 Gestetner, David
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. March 1854 Csorna, Hungaryd. 8 March 1939 Nice, France[br]Hungarian/British pioneer of stencil duplicating.[br]For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.[br]Further ReadingW.B.Proudfoot, 1972, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating London: Hutchinson (gives a good account of the method and the development of the Gestetner process, together with some details of his life).H.V.Culpan, 1951, "The House of Gestetner", in Gestetner 70th Anniversary Celebration Brochure, London: Gestetner.LRD
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